吴汉明院士后摩尔时代是中国芯片公司追赶的好机会

1965年,戈登·摩尔观察计算机存储器晶体管数目,总结得出集成电路上可容纳的晶体管数目每隔两年就会增加一倍的规律,摩尔定律就此诞生。五十多年过去了,随着晶体管微缩逐渐逼近技术极限,关于摩尔定律的讨论进入新阶段。

发展放缓的后摩尔时代,一面是产业继续向前推进需要解决的技术挑战,另一面也为中国半导体的发展带来新机遇。本周三,在2021世界半导体大会暨南京国际半导体博览会的开幕式上,中国工程院院士、浙江大学微纳电子学院院长吴汉明教授指出:“后摩尔时代芯片性能提升速度放缓,对追赶者来说,一定是一个机会。”

集成电路产业链长是主要挑战

在半导体产业建设初期,半导体厂商以IDM为主,随着制造工艺进步和晶圆尺寸扩大,设计、制造芯片所需耗费资金日渐攀升,不少IDM拆分,而垂直细分的Fabless、Foundry等新模式出现,加上上游原材料和生产设备本就复杂多样。

“集成电路产业面临的是一个庞大的行业链条问题。”吴汉明在2021世界半导体大会说,“IP和EDA基本被美国垄断,而日本韩国在存储器、材料方面占优势,我们(中国)的芯片制造和封测虽然有一定的实力,但依然存在很多挑战。”

对于这一点,他提出了几个方向。“光刻机、检测等装备是我们需要攻关方向”,他指出,“光刻胶、掩膜版、大硅片等材料基本空白,我们主要依赖进口,这对我们的国产化水平是一个很大的考验。”

如果要改变全球格局,要付出的代价将非常巨大。

“近期美国政府做了相关评估,如果美国要打造本土完全自主可控的半导體生态圈,将需要耗费9000亿至12000亿美元。”吴汉明说道,“这意味着相关产品在美国市场价格将增高至65%。”他认为这是全球化不可替代的一个例证。

但即便如此,也并不意味着应该停止追赶。他强调说:“我国曾经50年代并非落后,只是在1996年之后才落于日本之下,因此提高产能刻不容缓。”

后摩尔时代为中国带来了三大挑战

高端芯片制造工艺现在正面临三个重大挑战:基础精密图形、高级新材料以及终极良率提升。

当今先进工艺使用193nm波长曝光20-30nm图形时,当波长远大于物理尺寸时,就会出现模糊现象,这就是精密图形难题。解决这个问题之后,又必须迎接新的材料与技术挑战。在本世纪有64种新材料陆续进入芯片制造领域,这些都支持了莫尔定律,并推动了更快性能提升。

然而,对所有企业而言,最艰难也是最头疼的问题之一——良率提升。无论何种先进工艺如何优异,都无法避免良率上的困扰。

这也是为什么许多人认为后摩尔时代是一次寻找新的加速技术路径的时候。这对那些一直处于追赶地位国家或地区而言,是一次独特机会。许居衍院士曾提出四类潜在技术方向,即硅-冯范式(主流)、类硅范式(延续莫耳定律)、3D封装/存算一体/脑模式(热门)以及通过状态变化实现逻辑运行的一些范式,如自旋器件或量子计算等这些都是未来的重要趋势。

Wu Hanming pointed out that the development of China's semiconductor industry is a good opportunity for catch-up in the post-Moore era. The challenges faced by the industry include long and complex industrial chains, as well as technical barriers such as precision lithography, new materials, and yield rate improvements. However, these challenges also present opportunities for China to develop its own technologies and reduce its dependence on foreign imports.

The development of advanced manufacturing processes has led to significant increases in chip performance over the past few decades. However, this trend is expected to slow down in the future due to physical limits. According to Wu Hanming, there are four main directions for future technology development: silicon-based FinFETs (the current mainstream), III-V based transistors (which could potentially extend Moore's Law), 3D stacked chips or neuromorphic computing (which could provide a new path for performance improvement). These directions offer opportunities for China's semiconductor industry to catch up with international leaders.

In summary, while there are many challenges facing China's semiconductor industry today, including long supply chains and high costs associated with research and development investments needed to produce cutting-edge chips at home instead of relying on imports from other countries like South Korea or Taiwan; however these also represent opportunities that can be leveraged by Chinese companies through partnerships between universities researchers engineers developers producers testers users consumers industries governments organizations institutions associations clubs societies foundations etcetera which would lead towards more sustainable economic growth both domestically internationally

标签: 智能装备方案

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